The clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure is the deterioration of various nephrotic disease development of end-stage nephropathy compensatory ability is very strong when only minor damage to the patients themselves did not have any symptoms, when the following chronic renal failure symptoms, suggesting that the disease has developed deterioration of the need to timely pay close attention to the treatment, or developed into uremia end-stage, the only long-term dialysis or kidney transplant to maintain life.
Since the kidney is one of the most important organ of the human body, bear the burden of the body excrete waste, once the kidney damage, kidney failure will hurt the various organs of the body, and a variety of complications. The following lists the part of the clinical symptoms of chronic renal failure:
A. Chronic renal failure caused by the performance of the water, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorders
(1) excessive water loss or water: normal renal water metabolism wider range of adjustment. Renal failure due to poor concentration function, nocturia, polyuria, coupled with loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and could easily cause dehydration due to poor kidney drainage, drinking water or rehydration improper prone to water retention, manifested as edema, hypertension , heart failure, and even pulmonary edema, cerebral edema and other serious consequences.
(2) hyponatremia and hypernatremia: vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sodium loss, tubular sodium reabsorption decreased, prone to hyponatremia, as fatigue, anorexia. Severe cases, hypotension and even coma. Such as a sudden increase in sodium intake, prone to water and sodium retention, hypertension, edema and heart failure.
(3) high potassium and hypokalemia: renal failure, oliguria potassium excretion reduced. Increase in catabolism of the body, metabolic acidosis, K + transferred to the extracellular retention of potassium-sparing diuretics or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, can lead to serious hyperkalemia. Manifested as drowsiness, severe arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. If eating less potassium intake, and nausea. Vomiting, diarrhea, and long-term application of row potassium diuretics. Prone to hypokalemia. As fatigue, muscle weakness, abdominal distention, paralysis of limbs. In severe cases, serious arrhythmias and respiratory muscle paralysis.
(4) low calcium and high phosphorus: renal failure, the kidney can not generate active vitamin D3, calcium absorption from the gut to reduce, to the occurrence of hypocalcemia. Seldom symptoms. Only in the correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate may reduce free calcium and precipitate tetany. Renal units to reduce phosphorus excretion and hyperphosphatemia. Hyperphosphatemia enables the blood calcium and phosphorus product increased. Hypocalcemia increase in PTH secretion, and prone to renal osteodystrophy and metastatic calcification.
(5) hypermagnesemia: renal failure due to renal row of magnesium to reduce intestinal absorption of magnesium is still normal. Can lead to hypermagnesemia. As fatigue, skin flushing, burning, etc. Severe hypermagnesemia may occur severe symptoms such as respiratory and cardiac paralysis.
(6), metabolic acidosis: chronic renal failure due to the following reasons caused by metabolic acidosis;
① renal failure metabolites, such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and acetoacetate acid retention due to renal excretion of obstacles;
② renal tubular secretion of hydrogen ions in the functional impairment caused by hydrogen reduction in sodium ion exchange, making the hydrogen retention and sodium bicarbonate can not be re-absorbed from the urinary loss of;
③ renal tubular cells reduced ability to produce ammonia, the dysfunction of uric acid, alkali salts can not be retained. Generally no clinical symptoms of mild metabolic acidosis, severe acidosis, blood PH decreased anion gap was significantly higher than normal, patients with fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, irritability, deep and long breathing. In severe cases, coma, heart failure, blood pressure and cardiac arrest.
Two. Acidosis: acidosis is a common symptom in chronic renal failure.
When serum creatinine clearance rate dropped to 1/5 of the normal, it can not maintain a normal balance. The clinical manifestations of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, irritability, lethargy, chest tightness, deep breathing, and finally died of respiratory paralysis and shock.
3 Digestive System
Increase urea excluded from the intestinal system, intestinal bacterial decomposition of urease to ammonia, causing the disorder of digestive function.
Prominent symptoms of this disease-oriented to the earliest and most common, exacerbated with disease progression. Gastrointestinal symptoms, increased urea, broken down into ammonia and ammonium carbonate to stimulate gastrointestinal mucosa caused by bacteria, but also with increased gastrointestinal peptide hormone levels and metabolic disorders